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Senin, 07 Oktober 2013

Reported Speech


Ø  The Definition
  • Reported speech is when you tell somebody else what you or a person said before. Distinction must be made between direct speech and reported speech. 
Ø  The Different between Direct Speech and Reported Speech
There are several differences between a sentence with direct speech and a sentence with indirect speech.
  • We no need to use quotation marks with indirect speech.
  • We have to change the tense of the verb.
  • We have to change the pronouns and determiners.

Example:

Dialogue                                    Reported form

“Let’s go out for a walk,”           She suggested going out for a walk.
“That mobile is mine”                          He claimed that that mobile was him.
Ø  Some Important Rules to Report the Dialogue:

A. Pronouns:
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech (ReportedSpeech)
I, you
he, she, it
my, mine, your, yours
his, her, hers, its
we
they
our, ours
their, theirs
us
them

B. Tense:
Direct Speech (speaker’s words)
Indirect Speech (Reporter or Listener)
Present tense
Past tense
am, is, are
was, were
make, makes
made
am / is / are eating
was / were eating
will / can / may eat
would / could / might eat
has, have
had
has / have eaten
had eaten
Direct Speech (speaker’s words)
Indirect Speech (Reporter or Listener)
Present tense
Past perfect tense
was / were
had been
ate
had eaten
was / were eating
had been eating 

C. Expressions of time and place indicating nearness are changed into one of distance:
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech (Reported Speech)
Now
then
Today
that day
Tonight
that night
Yesterday
the previous day / the day before
Tomorrow
the next / following day
the day before yesterday
two days before
the day after tomorrow
in two days
last week
the previous week or the week before
last month
the previous month or the month before
last year
the previous year or the year before
next week / month / year
the following week / month / year
a week / month
a week / month
last night
the previous night
here
there
this / it
that
these
those
thus
so
ago
before




    I.        STATEMENTS:

Kind of Sentences
Reporting Verbs

Conjunctions




Statement
  said, told, suggested, admitted, remarked

  that



  A.   Ordinary statements:
Example:
Direct Speech
Rosy said, “I have a habit of reding before I go to bed”.
Indirect Speech
Rosy said that she had a habit of reading before she went to bed.

  B.  BbbbbbbbbWhen the reporting verb is in the present or   future tense there is no change in the tense of the reported clause:
Example:
Direct Speech
Sarah says, “I like kids”.
Indirect Speech
Sarah says that she likes kids.
CWhen the reporting verb is in the past tense the verb of the reported clause is changed into the corresponding past tense:
Example:
Direct Speech
Mohan said, “I have written a novel”.
Indirect Speech
Mohan said that he had written a novel.
 D. Present Progressive used as a future form becomes would be + present participle, not Past Progressive:
Example:
Direct Speech
She said, “I am seeing the dentist next week”.
Indirect Speech
She said that she would be seeing the dentist the following week.
 E.  Simple Past / past Progressive in adverb clauses of time do not usually change into the corresponding past tense:
Example:
Direct Speech
She said, “When I lived / was living in a village I faced a lot of hardships”.
Indirect Speech
She said that when shelived / was living in a village she faced a lot of hardships. (Don’t use had lived / had been living)
 F. Unreal past tense (subjunctive mood) after wish / it is time remains unchange:
Example:
Direct Speech
She said, “I wish I were an angel.”
Indirect Speech
She said that she wished she were an angel. (Don’t use had been)
 G.   Would rather / would sooner / had better remains unchanged:
Example:
Direct Speech
He said, “I would rather starve than beg.”
Indirect Speech
He said that he would rather starve than beg.
 H.   Verbs used in clauses expressing improbable or impossible condition remain unchanged:
Example:
Direct Speech
He said, “If won the election I would become a minister.”
Indirect Speech
He said that if he won the election he would become a minister.
 I.    When the direct speech expresses universal truth (fundamental truths of science) saying / provers / habitual action, the tense does not change:
Example:
Direct Speech
He said, “Habit is a second nature.”
Indirect Speech
He said that habit is a second nature.
  II.        QUESTIONS:
A.   The reporting verbs for questions are:
Kind of Sentences
Reporting Verbs
Conjunctions
Questions (1) W/H type
asked, enquired, wanted to know
if / whether
Questions (2) Verbal
asked, enquired, wanted
B.    Auxiliary questions should begin with:
if / whether
Direct Speech
My friend said, “Are they coming with us?”
Indirect Speech
My friend asked me whether they were coming with us.



C.    Do / Does / Did Questions:
When using;
do, does (present tense) - the main verb converts
into the past (does / do go -> went)
did (past tense) - the main verb converts
into past perfect. (did go -> had gone)
Direct Speech
“Does David study late at night?” said Sonia.
Indirect Speech
Sonia asked me whether David studied late at night.

D.   DD.D.DThe question form will change into a statement form:
“Is he here?”
Whether he was there
E.    W/h Questions:
These questions begin with a question word (Who, What, When, Why, Where, How, How long ...). While changing such a question into reported form we do not use any conjunction. We simply invert the word order (Verb + Subject is changed into Subject + Verb). Do not use if/whether in W/h Questions.
Verb + Subject
She said to me, “What do you want?”
Subject + Verb
She asked me what I wanted.

Direct Speech
My neighbour said, “when did the men catch the stray dogs”
Indirect Speech
My neighbour asked me when the men had caught the stray dogs.

F.    Verbal Questions:
These are questions begining with a verb. (Are you ready? Is it true?)
Here we use the conjunction ‘if’ or ‘whether’. The word order is changed as mentioned earlier.
Verb + Subject
She said to me, “Is Tom at home?”
Subject + Verb
Sh asked me if Tom was at home.
III.        COMMANDS / ORDER / IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
To report a command we can use a number of verbs
v  Reporting Verb:
Kind of Sentences
Reporting Verbs
Conjunctions
Commands & Requests
told, asked, requested, warned, advised, instructed, ordered
to - not to
We use the conjunction ‘to’. When the command is a negative one beginning with “Don’t” we change it to ‘not to’.
e.g:
Direct Speech
The Captain said, “Get ready to board the ship.”
Indirect Speech
The Captain commanded his sailors to get ready to board the ship.

v  Requests:
Please - requested + whom + to + v
Direct Speech
The teacher said, “Please improve your knowledge.”
Indirect Speech
The teacher requested the student to improve his knowledge.

IV.        Exclamations
Exclamations can be reported with adverbs of manner.
Kind of Sentences
Reporting Verbs
Conjunctions
Exclamations
exclaimed with joy /
exclaimed with sorrow
that
a)    Reporting Verb: exclaimed with (emotion)
Direct Speech
Rosy said to David, “How wonderfully you sang!”
Indirect Speech
Rosy exclaimed with happiness that David had sung wonderfully.
b)   The exclamation should be changed into a statement.
Direct Speech
The foreigner said, “What a man Obama is!.”
Indirect Speech
The foreigner exclaimed in wonder that Obama was a great man.
c)    Use suitable emotions to the exclamation.
Direct Speech
John said, “That I should see you here!”
Indirect Speech
John was surprised to see me there.





Alas!- exclaimed with sadness / regret / disappoinment.
Direct Speech
The reporter said, “Alas! Many lives have been lost due to tsunami”
Indirect Speech
The reporter exclaimed sadly that many lives had been lost due to tsunami.




May you!- blesses / wished.
Direct Speech
The grandmother said, “May you meet with success wherever you go
Indirect Speech
The grandmother blessed her grandson that he should meet with success wherever he goes.



Don’t / never - warned or forbade. (when using forbid do not use negatives)
Direct Speech
Father said, “Shakshi, don’t play in dirty water!”
Indirect Speech
Father forbade his daughter Sakshi to play in dirty water.



O God! - called upon God with regret / sadness / disappointment.
Direct Speech
The beggar said, “O God! I have been cheated”.
Indirect Speech
The beggar called upon God with regret that he had been cheated.




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